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Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that emerges during pregnancy, affecting how the body processes glucose. Even though it usually goes away after childbirth, if untreated or if left unmanaged when its diagnosed, it can have serious consequences for both the mother and the child. A study 1 says that about 50% of women with gestational diabetes go on to develop type 2 diabetes, but there are steps one can take to prevent it. That’s the reason it is important to comprehend the causes and risk factors of gestational diabetes in order to detect the condition early and treat it effectively.
Gestational diabetes is more likely to develop for a number of reasons. Pregnant women who are aware of these things (reasons or risk factors) can take proactive measures towards a healthier pregnancy, even though some are out of their control. It is important that one comprehend the information that follows (below section) as it contains some of the most common risk factors for gestational diabetes. Because, avoiding complications during pregnancy is possible when one is well-informed and cognizant of risk factors.
Advanced maternal age, typically over 25, increases the risk of gestational diabetes. As women age, their bodies may become less sensitive to insulin, the hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar. Body Mass Index (BMI): Women with a higher BMI are at an increased risk. Excess weight, especially around the abdomen, can contribute to insulin resistance, a precursor to gestational diabetes.
Apart from one’s age and BMI, a family history of diabetes2, especially if a first-degree relative (parent or sibling) has the condition, raises the risk. Genetic factors play a role in the development of gestational diabetes. Also, certain ethnic groups3, including African American, Hispanic, Native American, and Asian American, are more prone to gestational diabetes. These populations may have a genetic predisposition to insulin resistance.
Women who had gestational diabetes in a prior pregnancy are more likely to develop the condition again. This is the most common risk factor. This emphasizes the importance of vigilant monitoring and management. Furthermore, because of their increased insulin resistance, women with PCOS, a hormonal disorder affecting the ovaries, are more likely to develop gestational diabetes.
Another most common factor is changes in hormones. In other words, hormonal changes brought on by pregnancy may have an impact on insulin function. Elevated blood sugar levels can result from the hormones produced by the growing placenta, which can hinder the effects of insulin.
In short, gestational diabetes occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the increased demands during pregnancy. Insulin is essential for regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating the absorption of glucose into cells. When the body becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce enough, gestational diabetes ensues. The exact cause of gestational diabetes remains under investigation, but the interplay of hormonal, genetic, and lifestyle factors plays a pivotal role. Insulin resistance, a common precursor to type 2 diabetes, is exacerbated during pregnancy due to the hormonal changes that support foetal development.
The placenta, a temporary organ during pregnancy, produces hormones that impair insulin's effectiveness. This hormonal interference results in higher blood sugar levels, impacting both the mother and the developing baby. If left uncontrolled, gestational diabetes can lead to complications such as macrosomia (large birth weight), preterm birth, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes for both the mother and the child.
As previously mentioned, gaining knowledge and understanding of the risk factors reduces complexity and anxiety. Also, one can lower their risk by reaching a healthy body weight after delivery. It is especially important to see medical professionals after giving birth in order to have blood sugar checked six to 12 weeks after the baby is born and then every 1 to 3 years to ensure the levels are within normal range.
To sum up, the key to ensuring a healthy pregnancy and lowering the risks of gestational diabetes is to seek professional guidance, monitor blood sugar levels, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and have regular prenatal checkups. Proactive behaviour and early intervention can make a big difference in the success of a pregnancy. We medical professionals are here to ensure a safe pregnancy and delivery, so don't worry. Reach to us on time…
Happy & Healthy Pregnancy!
Authored by,
Dr. Smitha Raghavan M V
Consultant Gynaecologist & Obstetrician
Reference Links:
1. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/gestational.html
3. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2783070
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